Oracle ADG环境下的RMAN备份策略

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作为IT运维人员，尤其是数据库岗位，数据的备份重于一切。  现在很多用户会有一个普遍误区，认为现在类似ADG这类灾备已经很完善，且实时性也更佳，往往就忽略了传统的备份效用。但实际上，我们千万不能因为有了容灾建设就盲目忽略备份的作用，二者其实有着本质区别。很多场景，灾备都是无法替代传统备份的，二者是缺一不可的关系。

之前在《单实例Primary快速搭建Standby RAC参考手册19.16 ADG》中搭建了一套 Single Instance Primary + RAC Standby 的初始环境。

下面我们就给这套数据库环境制定备份策略。

# 1.主库备份策略

需求：数据库每天全备 + 归档每6小时备份一次；

crontab定时任务设置：  
每天1:30执行数据库的全备，每6小时执行数据库归档日志的备份：

[oracle@bogon orabak]$ crontab -l
    30 1 * * * /hdd/scripts/backup.sh /hdd/orabak
    0 */6 * * * /hdd/scripts/backuparch.sh /hdd/orabak

调用的相关脚本内容参考：

vi /hdd/scripts/backup.sh

#!/bin/bash
    #ENV
    export ORACLE_SID=demo
    export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
    export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/db_1
    export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
    
    
    #backup RMAN
    if [ ! -d "$1" ]; then
            echo "You have input no dir for \\$1"
            exit 1
    fi
    
    echo "=================================================================================" >>${1}/backup_full.log
    echo "Begin backup at : `date`" >> ${1}/backup_full.log
    rman target / <> ${1}/backup_full.log
    run {
    CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY = 2;
    CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 6;
    CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK;
    backup as compressed backupset database format '${1}/FULLBAK_%d_%T_%s_%p.DBFILE';
    backup current controlfile format '${1}/%d.%s.%p.%T.CTL';
    backup spfile format '${1}/%d.%s.%p.%T.SPFILE';
    crosscheck backup;
    crosscheck copy;
    sql "alter system archive log current";
    backup as COMPRESSED backupset archivelog all not backed up format '${1}/%d.%s.%p.%T.ARC';
    crosscheck archivelog all;
    delete noprompt archivelog all completed before 'sysdate-10';
    delete noprompt expired backup;
    delete noprompt obsolete;
    }
    exit
    EOF
    echo "End backup at : `date`" >>${1}/backup_full.log
    
    echo "Begin cp to NAS at : `date`" >>${1}/backup_full.log
    cp ${1}/*`date +%Y%m%d`* /public/Others/orabak
    echo "End cp to NAS at : `date`" >>${1}/backup_full.log
    echo "=================================================================================" >>${1}/backup_full.log
    
    exit 0

vi /hdd/scripts/backuparch.sh

#!/bin/bash
    #ENV
    export ORACLE_SID=demo
    export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
    export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/db_1
    export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH
    
    #backup RMAN
    if [ ! -d "$1" ]; then
            echo "You have input no dir for \\$1"
            exit 1
    fi
    
    echo "=================================================================================" >>${1}/backup_arch.log
    echo "Begin backup at : `date`" >> ${1}/backup_arch.log
    rman target / <> ${1}/backup_arch.log
    run {
    CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY = 2;
    CONFIGURE DEVICE TYPE DISK PARALLELISM 6;
    CONFIGURE DEFAULT DEVICE TYPE TO DISK;
    backup current controlfile format '${1}/%d.%s.%p.%T.CTL';
    backup spfile format '${1}/%d.%s.%p.%T.SPFILE';
    crosscheck backup;
    crosscheck copy;
    sql "alter system archive log current";
    backup as COMPRESSED backupset archivelog all not backed up format '${1}/%d.%s.%p.%T.ARC';
    crosscheck archivelog all;
    delete noprompt archivelog all completed before 'sysdate-10';
    delete noprompt expired backup;
    delete noprompt obsolete;
    }
    exit
    EOF
    echo "End backup at : `date`" >>${1}/backup_arch.log
    
    echo "Begin cp to NAS at : `date`" >>${1}/backup_arch.log
    cp ${1}/*`date +%Y%m%d`*.{CTL,SPFILE,ARC} /public/Others/orabak
    echo "End cp to NAS at : `date`" >>${1}/backup_arch.log
    echo "=================================================================================" >>${1}/backup_arch.log
    
    exit 0

# 2.备库备份策略

需求：每10分钟清除4h之前的归档日志；

crontab定时任务设置：

[oracle@db01rac1 scripts]$ crontab -l
    */10 * * * * /u01/scripts/delarch.sh /u01/scripts

调用的相关脚本内容参考：  
vi /u01/scripts/delarch.sh

#!/bin/bash
    #ENV
    export ORACLE_SID=jydb1;
    export ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle;
    export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/19.3.0/db_1;
    export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH;
    
    #RMAN delete archivelog
    if [ ! -d "$1" ]; then
            echo "You have input no dir for \\$1"
            exit 1
    fi
    
    echo "=================================================================================" >>${1}/delarch.log
    echo "Begin backup at : `date`" >> ${1}/delarch.log
    rman target / <> ${1}/delarch.log
    delete noprompt archivelog all completed before 'sysdate - 1/24*4';
    EOF
    echo "End backup at : `date`" >>${1}/delarch.log
    echo "=================================================================================" >>${1}/delarch.log
    
    exit 0

# 3.测试备份策略

在实际部署上面备份脚本后，验证阶段发现有报错信息：

You have mail in /var/spool/mail/oracle
    [oracle@bogon ~]$
    [oracle@bogon ~]$ tail -200f /var/spool/mail/oracle
    From oracle@bogon.localdomain  Mon Jan 30 18:00:25 2023
    Return-Path: 
    X-Original-To: oracle
    Delivered-To: oracle@bogon.localdomain
    Received: by bogon.localdomain (Postfix, from userid 10001)
    	id 8738341B51FA; Mon, 30 Jan 2023 18:00:25 +0800 (CST)
    From: "(Cron Daemon)" 
    To: oracle@bogon.localdomain
    Subject: Cron  /hdd/scripts/backuparch.sh /hdd/orabak
    Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
    Auto-Submitted: auto-generated
    Precedence: bulk
    X-Cron-Env: 
    X-Cron-Env: 
    X-Cron-Env: 
    X-Cron-Env: 
    X-Cron-Env: 
    X-Cron-Env: 
    X-Cron-Env: 
    X-Cron-Env: 
    Message-Id: <20230130100025.8738341B51FA@bogon.localdomain>
    Date: Mon, 30 Jan 2023 18:00:18 +0800 (CST)
    
    cp: cannot stat ‘/hdd/orabak/*20230130*.CTL’: No such file or directory
    cp: cannot stat ‘/hdd/orabak/*20230130*.SPFILE’: No such file or directory

查看备份日志：

516 Deleting the following obsolete backups and copies:
    517 Type                 Key    Completion Time    Filename/Handle
    518 -------------------- ------ ------------------ --------------------
    519 Backup Set           20     30-JAN-23
    520   Backup Piece       20     30-JAN-23          /flash/fast_recovery_area/DEMO/autobackup/2023_01_30/o1_mf_s_1127488370_kxgvhm1c_.bkp
    521 Backup Set           30     30-JAN-23
    522   Backup Piece       30     30-JAN-23          /flash/fast_recovery_area/DEMO/autobackup/2023_01_30/o1_mf_s_1127488380_kxgvhwj0_.bkp
    523 Backup Set           31     30-JAN-23
    524   Backup Piece       31     30-JAN-23          /hdd/orabak/DEMO.56.1.20230130.CTL
    525 Backup Set           32     30-JAN-23
    526   Backup Piece       32     30-JAN-23          /hdd/orabak/DEMO.57.1.20230130.SPFILE
    527 deleted backup piece
    528 backup piece handle=/flash/fast_recovery_area/DEMO/autobackup/2023_01_30/o1_mf_s_1127488370_kxgvhm1c_.bkp RECID=20 STAMP=1127488371
    529 Deleted 1 objects
    530
    531 deleted backup piece
    532 backup piece handle=/flash/fast_recovery_area/DEMO/autobackup/2023_01_30/o1_mf_s_1127488380_kxgvhwj0_.bkp RECID=30 STAMP=1127488380
    533 Deleted 1 objects
    534
    535 deleted backup piece
    536 backup piece handle=/hdd/orabak/DEMO.57.1.20230130.SPFILE RECID=32 STAMP=1127498407
    537 Deleted 1 objects
    538
    539 deleted backup piece
    540 backup piece handle=/hdd/orabak/DEMO.56.1.20230130.CTL RECID=31 STAMP=1127498406
    541 Deleted 1 objects
    542
    543
    544 RMAN>
    545

发现针对控制文件和参数文件，在最后居然被删掉了。。

梳理脚本逻辑，确认是这条命令触发的删除：

delete noprompt obsolete;

何为obsolete？目前策略中的 REDUNDANCY 设置为2，但是因为开启了自动的控制文件备份（其中也会同时包含参数文件），所以反而手工备份的都没有被传输到备份端。

另外，需要注意的是，这不是一个小问题，因为这会给正常恢复带来很大的麻烦；  
试想，没有这两个文件，尤其是控制文件的备份存档到NAS，一旦主机crash，通过NAS上的备份就成为无稽之谈。

那么解决方案呢？也很简单，修改默认值，默认值为：

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON; # default
    CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '%F'; # default

因此对应了两种修改方式：

方式一：关闭RMAN中控制文件的自动备份；

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP OFF;

方式二：设置RMAN中控制文件自动备份的路径为我们备份的路径：

CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/hdd/orabak/AUTO_%F.CTL';

# 4.ADG环境下的特殊配置

为了应对主备角色切换期间等场景，在主备库都配置上归档删除策略，确保未传到备库的归档不会被删除：

RMAN> CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO SHIPPED TO ALL STANDBY;
    
    new RMAN configuration parameters:
    CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO SHIPPED TO ALL STANDBY;
    new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored

Oracle ADG rman 数据库备份

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